Comparison of total daily energy expenditure with dietary reference intakes values in a sample of urban, relatively active Brazilian adults: A doubly labeled water study.

OBJECTIVE: This report aimed to describe the results of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW TDEE) and the adequacy of the dietary reference intakes (DRI) equations to estimate energy requirements (DRI ER). METHODS: A cross-sectional and observational study in a convenience sample of 40 healthy Brazilian adults (≥20 years; 21 women) living in a tropical urban region. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, DLW TDEE was compared with DRI ER using individual calculated physical activity level (PAL = DLW TDEE/BMR) in its estimation. RESULTS: BMR (5043 ± 548 kJ/day in women and 6213 ± 656 kJ/day in men), DLW TDEE (8372 ± 1324 kJ/day and 11 453 ± 1834 kJ/day), and PAL (1.66 ± 0.17 and 1.85 ± 0.30, respectively) were significantly higher in men. The DRI ER significantly overestimated DLW TDEE by 13.7 ± 8.3% and 12.7 ± 10.7% in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the present sample of relatively active urban Brazilian subjects, the DRI ER yielded inaccurate estimation of DLW TDEE. More data from low- and moderate-income countries are necessary to develop accurate estimates of TDEE.

Obesity, dynapenia, and their combination: Implications for bone mineral density in Brazilian adults-the Pró-Saúde study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) in the presence or absence of dynapenia or obesity in Brazilian adults. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 502 adults (age: 33-81 y; 51% women) participating in the Pró-Saúde study, a cohort of civil servants at the university campuses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Body composition and BMD were determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer. According to measures of handgrip strength (≤19 kg for women; ≤32 kg for men) and fat mass (>30% for men; >40% for women), participants were classified into four groups: non-obese non-dynapenic, obese non-dynapenic, non-obese dynapenic, and obese dynapenic. The association between BMD at each specific bone site and obesity, dynapenia, and their interaction was evaluated using a general linear model. RESULTS: The prevalence of dynapenic obesity was 14% in men and 15.2% in women. Dynapenia alone was not associated with BMD at any site in either men nor women. Obesity and dynapenia interacted to influence BMD in women (P < 0.05). Total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck BMD were higher by 6.3%, 9.3%, and 10.4%, respectively, in dynapenic obese women compared with their non-obese counterparts (P < 0.05). In men, obesity, dynapenia, and their combination were not associated with BMD at any site. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that dynapenia, obesity, and their combination may affect BMD in a sex-dependent manner. In the presence of dynapenia, fat mass appears to exert a protective effect on BMD in women, but not in men.

Validity of basal metabolic rate prediction equations in elderly women living in an urban tropical city of Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To measure basal metabolic rate (BMR) and to compare it with the values obtained from predictive equations in a sample of elderly (≥60 y) women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Seventy-nine women living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil enrolled in physical activity programs open to the community. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measures were obtained using standard procedures. Percent body fat (PBF) was assessed by DXA. BMR was measured (BMRm) by indirect calorimetry under standardized conditions and compared with BMR estimated by 14 predictive equations that included elderly individuals in their development. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) age, BMI and PBF were 69.7 ± 6.5 y, 27.2 ± 4.6 kg/m2 and 42.1 ± 5.9%. BMRm (4188.3 ± 707.2 kJ/day) was significantly lower than estimated BMR by all predictive equations, including the equation developed for the Niteroian adult population (4565.6 ± 607.9 kJ/day). This population-specific equation provided the largest number of results within ±10% of BMRm and the lowest overestimation (10.6 ± 15.4%), much lower than the results from the internationally recommended Schofield equation (27.2 ± 17.6%). Regression of calf circumference (CC), age and body mass on BMRm provided similar estimates in comparison to models with fat-free mass (FFM). CONCLUSIONS: All predictive equations provided biased, inaccurate estimates of BMR values in comparison to BMRm. Anthropometry and body composition explained only approximately 50% of the variability of BMRm. New equations should account for the variability of organ-metabolic rates and underlying undetected health conditions in older individuals living in tropical regions.

Physical activity level and energy expenditure assessed by accelerometry in 60y+ brazilian subjects / Nível de atividade física e gasto energético avaliados por acelerometria em idosos brasileiros / Nivel de actividad física y gasto energético evaluados por acelerometría en ancianos brasileños

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the physical activity level (PAL) and the total daily energy expenditure (EE-TDEE) in a sample of ≥60y subjects from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: A convenience sample of 88 subjects recruited from recreational physical activity programs wore an accelerometer around the waist for seven consecutive days for at least 10h/day. Minute-by-minute EE was estimated from the counts per minute (CPM) data, and the daily sum yielded the TDEE. PAL (TDEE/BMR) with BMR calculated with the FAO/WHO predictive equation and a population-specific equation. Body composition was assessed by DXA. Results: Mean age (SD) was 69.2 (5.8) years, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 36.4 and 25.0%, respectively, and excess body fat was 39.8%. The subjects spent 600min/day engaged in sedentary activities (CPM<100). Men engaged in 30min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (CPM≥1,952) daily, on average. The subjects were active on 34.5 and 18.0% of the weekdays and weekend days with a 1,400 steps/day difference between these days. TDEE was 1,731.5 (348.7) and 1,356.3 (223.7) kcal/day depending on the BMR prediction equation used. Mean PAL was lower than the maintenance level. Conclusions: The high prevalence of sedentary activities and the low percentage of subjects who met the physical activity recommendations indicate that physical activity programs must be adjusted so that the enrolled subjects can meet the physical activity recommendations, preferably with the activities objectively monitored. Population-specific equations improve the final estimation of TDEE and PAL. Level of Evidence I; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF) e o gasto energético total diário (GETD) em uma amostra de idosos (≥ 60 anos) residentes no município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: Uma amostra de conveniência de 88 indivíduos recrutados em programas de atividade física usou acelerômetro na cintura durante sete dias consecutivos, por pelo menos 10 horas por dia. O GE por minuto foi estimado a partir de dados de contagem por minuto (CPM), cujo somatório diário forneceu o GETD. O NAF (GETD/TMB) foi calculado com a TMB estimada pela equação preditiva da FAO/WHO e por equação especifica para a população estudada. A composição corporal foi avaliada por DXA. Resultados: A média de idade (DP) foi de 69,2 (5,8) anos, a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 36,4 e 25,0%, respectivamente, e o de excesso de gordura corporal foi 39,8%. Os indivíduos passaram 600 min./dia em atividades sedentárias (CPM < 100). Os homens realizaram, em média, 30 minutos de atividade física vigorosa a moderada (CPM ≥ 1.952) diariamente. Os indivíduos foram ativos em 34,5% e 18% dos dias da semana e nos fins de semana, respectivamente, com uma diferença de 1.400 passos/dia entre esses dias. O GETD foi de 1.731,5 (348,7) e 1.356,3 (223,7) kcal/dia, dependendo da equação preditiva da TMB usada. O NAF médio foi inferior ao nível de atividade de manutenção. Conclusão: A alta prevalência de atividades sedentárias e o baixo percentual de indivíduos que atenderam às recomendações de atividade física indicam que esses programas devem ser ajustados para que os indivíduos inscritos possam atender às recomendações, preferencialmente, com monitoramento objetivo. As equações populacionais específicas melhoram a estimativa final do GETD e NAF. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de actividad física (NAF) y el gasto energético total diario (GETD) en una muestra de ancianos (≥ 60 años) residentes en el municipio de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: Una muestra de conveniencia de 88 individuos reclutados en programas de actividad física usó acelerómetro en la cintura durante siete días consecutivos, durante por lo menos 10 horas por día. El GE por minuto fue estimado a partir de datos de conteo por minuto (CPM), cuya sumatoria diaria suministró el GETD. El NAF (GETD/TMB) fue calculado con la ecuación predictiva de FAO/WHO y por ecuación específica para la población estudiada. La composición corporal fue evaluada por DXA. Resultados: El promedio de edad (SD) fue de 69,2 (5,8) años, la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 36,4 y 25,0%, respectivamente, y el de exceso de grasa corporal fue de 39,8%. Los individuos pasaron 600 min/día en actividades sedentarias (CPM < 100). Los hombres realizaron, como promedio, 30 minutos de actividad física vigorosa a moderada (CPM ≥ 1.952) diariamente. Los individuos fueron activos en 34,5% y 18% de los días de la semana y en los fines de semana, respectivamente, con una diferencia de 1.400 pasos/día entre esos días. El GETD fue de 1.731,5 (348,7) y 1.356,3 (223,7) kcal/día, dependiendo de la ecuación predictiva de la TMB usada. El NAF promedio fue inferior al nivel de actividad de mantenimiento. Conclusión: La alta prevalencia de actividades sedentarias y el bajo porcentual de individuos que atendieron las recomendaciones de actividad física indican que esos programas deben ser ajustados para que los individuos inscriptos puedan atender las recomendaciones, preferentemente, con monitorización objetiva. Las ecuaciones poblacionales específicas mejoran la estimativa final del GETD y NAF. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Dietary intake of pregnant adolescents cared for in primary health care units of a Brazilian urban municipality.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the adequacy of dietary intake and the anthropometric nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METERIALS AND METHODS: forty-two adolescents (13-19 years of age), with single-fetus gestation, assisted in the public prenatal health care units between 2008-2014, participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI) was used to assess the nutritional status. Dietary intake was assessed by 24h dietary recalls on two days during a week and one during weekend. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry and used to determine the energy requirements. Mixed effects models were used to assess dietary intake over the gestational weeks (random effect) and BMI. RESULTS: mean age (SD) of the pregnant women was 16.5 (1.5) years and the majority received allowance from a cash transfer federal program. Overall, 30.3% were overweight/obese pre-pregnancy and 16.7%, during pregnancy. Energy and protein intake adequacies decreased with increasing BMI and gestational week. There was adequate dietary intake of energy, protein, vitamin A and zinc and insufficient intakes of iron and calcium. There was excessive intake of sodium. CONCLUSION: pregnant adolescents living in underprivileged socio-economic environments assisted for prenatal care in primary health care units have adequate intakes of energy, protein, vitamin A and zinc. Pre-pregnancy overweight and high sodium intake are causes of concern due to the future implications for their health. The official Brazilian recommended criterion for anthropometric assessment in pregnancy of adolescents proved to be inadequate.

Dietary intake of pregnant adolescents cared for in primary health care units of a brazilian urban municipality / Consumo dietético de adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en unidades de atención primaria de salud de un municipio urbano brasileño

Objective: to evaluate the adequacy of dietary intake and the anthropometric nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Materials and methods: forty-two adolescents (13-19 years of age), with single-fetus gestation, assisted in the public prenatal health care units between 2008-2014, participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI) was used to assess the nutritional status. Dietary intake was assessed by 24h dietary recalls on two days during a week and one during weekend. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry and used to determine the energy requirements. Mixed effects models were used to assess dietary intake over the gestational weeks (random effect) and BMI. Results: mean age (SD) of the pregnant women was 16.5 (1.5) years and the majority received allowance from a cash transfer federal program. Overall, 30.3% were overweight/obese pre-pregnancy and 16.7%, during pregnancy. Energy and protein intake adequacies decreased with increasing BMI and gestational week. There was adequate dietary intake of energy, protein, vitamin A and zinc and insufficient intakes of iron and calcium. There was excessive intake of sodium. Conclusions: pregnant adolescents living in underprivileged socio-economic environments assisted for prenatal care in primary health care units have adequate intakes of energy, protein, vitamin A and zinc. Pre-pregnancy overweight and high sodium intake are causes of concern due to the future implications for their health. The official Brazilian recommended criterion for anthropometric assessment in pregnancy of adolescents proved to be inadequate

Objetivo: evaluar la adecuación de la ingesta dietética y el estado nutricional antropométrico de adolescentes embarazadas en Niterói, Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Materiales y métodos: participaron en el estudio 42 adolescentes de 13-19 años, con gestación de feto único, asistidas en las unidades públicas de atención prenatal entre 2008 y 2014. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se utilizó para evaluar el estado nutricional. La ingesta dietética fue evaluada por recuerdos diarios de 24h dos días durante una semana y uno durante el fin de semana. La tasa metabólica basal se midió mediante calorimetría indirecta y se utilizó para determinar los requerimientos energéticos. Se emplearon modelos de efectos mixtos para evaluar la ingesta alimentaria durante las semanas de gestación (SG, efecto aleatorio) y el IMC. Resultados: la mayoría de las mujeres embarazadas recibían subsidios de un programa federal de Transferencia de efectivo. En general, el 30,3% tenía sobrepeso/obesidad antes del embarazo y el 16,7%, durante el embarazo. La cantidad de energía y la ingesta de proteínas disminuyeron con el aumento del IMC y la SG. Había una ingesta dietética adecuada de energía, proteínas, vitamina A y una ingesta insuficiente de hierro y calcio. Conclusiones: las adolescentes embarazadas tienen un consumo adecuado de energía, proteínas y vitamina A. El sobrepeso previo y el alto consumo de sodio son causas de preocupación debido a las implicaciones futuras para su salud. El criterio oficial brasileño recomendado para la evaluación antropométrica en el embarazo de los adolescentes demostró ser inadecuado

Validity of a population-specific BMR predictive equation for adults from an urban tropical setting.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is an important physiologic measure in nutrition research. In many instances it is not measured but estimated by predictive equations. The purpose of this study was to compare measured BMR (BMRm) with estimated BMR (BMRe) obtained by different equations. METHODS: A convenient sample of 148 (89 women) 20-60 year-old subjects from the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil participated in the study. BMRm values were measured by an indirect calorimeter and predicted by different equations (Schofield, Henry and Rees, Mifflin-St. Jeor and Anjos. All subjects had their body composition and anthropometric variables also measured. Accuracy of the estimations was established by the percentage of BMRe falling within ±10% of BMRm and bias when the 95% CI of the difference of BMRe and BMRm means did not include zero. RESULTS: Mean BMRm values were 4833.5 (SD 583.3) and 6278.8 (SD 724.0) kJ*day-1 for women and men, respectively. BMRe values were both biased and inaccurate except for values predicted by the Anjos equation. BMR overestimation was approximately 20% for the Schofield equation which was higher comparatively to the Henry and Rees (14.5% and 9.6% for women and men, respectively) and the Mifflin-St. Jeor (approximately 14.0%) equations. BMR estimated by the Anjos equation was unbiased (95% CI = -78.1; 96.3 kJ day-1 for women and -282.6; 30.7 kJ*day-1 for men). CONCLUSIONS: Population-specific BMR predictive equations yield unbiased and accurate BMR values in adults from an urban tropical setting.

Association Between Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Men on Hemodialysis.

Studies have revealed complex interactions between bone and fat, however there are few studies about this crosstalk in patients with chronic kidney disease. This study investigated possible relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in patients who underwent hemodialysis. Twenty patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study (47.0 [42.3-56.8] years, body mass index 26.0 ± 4.2 kg/m, dialysis vintage of 48.5 [26.7-95.7] months). Body composition and BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leptin and parathormone levels were analyzed using Multiplex kits (R&D System Inc). Low bone mass in the femoral neck was reported in 54.8% of patients. Total BMD and total T-score were positively correlated with lean mass (r = 0.46, P = 0.04; r = 0.47, P = 0.04, respectively), but not with leptin or body fat mass. In conclusion, lean body mass is probably important to maintain bone health in male patients who underwent hemodialysis.

Percentis para o perímetro de cintura de adolescentes do município do Rio de Janeiro / Waist circumference percentiles in adolescents in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perímetro da cintura e apresentar estimativas de pontos críticos para classificação de risco e alto risco de excesso de gordura abdominal segundo sexo e faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Foi estudada uma amostra probabilística de adolescentes (n=3 . 175) da rede pública de ensino do Rio de Janeiro. O perímetro da cintura foi aferido no ponto médio entre a borda inferior da costela e a crista ilíaca. Os percentis de perímetro da cintura estudados foram estimados segundo método LMS (Lambda, Mu, Sigma) proposto por Cole em 1990. Os pontos de corte adotados para definição de risco e alto risco de excesso de gordura abdominal foram os propostos por Jolliffe & Janssen em 2007. RESULTADOS: Comparando os valores estimados, meninas apresentaram valores de perímetro da cintura maiores que os de meninos para todos os percentis (exceto para o P90) em todas as idades. Os valores críticos estimados foram menores entre as meninas e aumentaram com a idade em ambos os sexos. Em geral, para ambos os sexos, os valores estimados foram menores do que os propostos pela referência adotada. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados ratificam a importância da aferição dessa medida em adolescentes, sendo apresentados pontos críticos de perímetro da cintura para classificação antropométrica desse grupo populacional segundo essa medida, o que até o momento não havia sido proposto com base em dados de adolescentes brasileiros. .

OBJECTIVE: To determine waist circumference and present waist circumference critical values to classify the risk and high risk posed by excessive abdominal fat according to age and gender. METHODS: A probabilistic sample of adolescent students (n=3,175) from public schools in Rio de Janeiro was analyzed. Waist circumference measurements were performed at midpoint between the last rib and the top of the iliac crest. Waist circumference percentiles were estimated using the LMS (Lambda, Mu, Sigma) method proposed by Cole (1990). The cut-points used to determine the risk and high-risk posed by excessive abdominal fat were proposed by Jolliffe & Janssen (2007). RESULTS: Comparing the values estimated, it was observed that the girls had higher waist circumference than the boys at all percentiles (except for P90) and ages. The estimated percentiles were lower in girls and increased with age in both sexes. At all ages, (except for 17 year old boys) and both genders, the estimated values were lower than the reference values used. CONCLUSION: The results obtained confirm the importance of measuring waist circumference in adolescents. This study presents waist circumference critical values for the anthropometric classification of the group studied, which has not yet been reported in the literature with data of Brazilian adolescents. .

[Macronutrient food sources in a probabilistic sample of Brazilian adults]. / Fontes alimentares de macronutrientes em amostra probabilística de adultos brasileiros.

Once it is available, the information on food intake (FI) may enable the development of strategies to intervene, monitor and explore dietary patterns with more sophisticated statistical methods. Thus, the purpose of this study was to document the quantitative dietary characteristics in a probabilistic sample of adults in Niterói in the State of Rio de Janeiro. A 24-hour dietary recall of a typical day was conducted. The food eaten by most adults (> 50%) was white rice, coffee, black beans, refined sugar and French bread. Whole milk was ingested by more adults than skimmed or semi-skimmed milk. Beef was ingested by more adults than chicken, fish or pork. More adults ingested sodas than fruit juices and fruits were eaten by a relatively high percentage of adults (63.3%). The combination of white rice, black beans, beef and French bread was responsible for at least 25% of energy, protein and carbohydrate and 17% of lipids. A total of 65 food items accounted for approximately 90% of energy and macronutrients. The list generated is somewhat similar to the one used in a similar survey conducted in São Paulo. The list can serve as the basis for a single food frequency questionnaire to be used for the southeastern Brazilian urban population.

Energy intake underreporting of adults in a household survey: the impact of using a population specific basal metabolic rate equation.

The purpose of the present study was to identify energy intake (EI) underreporting and to estimate the impact of using a population specific equation for the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in a probability sample of adults from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A sample of 1,726 subjects participated in the study. EI was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall and EI/BMR was computed with BMR estimated using internationally recommended equations as well as specific equations developed for the adult population of Niterói. Mean EI was 1,570.9 and 2,188.8 kcal.day-1 for women and men, respectively. EI decreased with increasing age in both men and women. BMR estimated by the Brazilian equation was significantly lower than the values estimated by the international equation for all age, sex and nutritional status groups. In general, EI underreporting was found in at least 50% of the population, higher in women, and increased with increasing age and body mass index (BMI). The results of the present study confirm that EI is underreported, even when BMR is estimated using population-specific equations.

Fontes alimentares de macronutrientes em amostra probabilística de adultos brasileiros / Macronutrient food sources in a probabilistic sample of Brazilian adults

Uma vez disponíveis, as informações de Ingestão Alimentar (IA) podem permitir o desenvolvimento de estratégias para intervir, acompanhar e explorar padrões dietéticos com métodos estatísticos mais sofisticados. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo foi documentar as características quantitativas da IA em adultos em um inquérito domiciliar em Niterói, RJ. Realizou-se recordatório de 24 horas de um dia típico. Os alimentos mais ingeridos (> 50%) foram arroz branco, café, feijão, açúcar refinado e pão francês. Leite integral foi mais ingerido do que leite desnatado ou semidesnatado. Carne de vaca foi mais ingerida que carne de frango, peixe ou porco. Mais adultos ingeriram refrigerantes do que sucos, e frutas tiveram ingestão relativamente alta (63,3%). A combinação de arroz, feijão, carne e pão francês foi responsável por 25% da ingestão de energia, proteínas e carboidratos, e 17% da ingestão de lipídeos. Um total de 65 alimentos correspondeu a 90% da ingestão de energia e macronutrientes. O presente estudo gerou uma lista de alimentos mais frequentemente ingeridos, que é bastante semelhante ao que foi observado em inquérito anterior realizado em São Paulo, capital, o que pode servir como base para a geração de um questionário de frequência alimentar único para a população urbana do sudeste brasileiro.

Once it is available, the information on food intake (FI) may enable the development of strategies to intervene, monitor and explore dietary patterns with more sophisticated statistical methods. Thus, the purpose of this study was to document the quantitative dietary characteristics in a probabilistic sample of adults in Niterói in the State of Rio de Janeiro. A 24-hour dietary recall of a typical day was conducted. The food eaten by most adults (> 50%) was white rice, coffee, black beans, refined sugar and French bread. Whole milk was ingested by more adults than skimmed or semi-skimmed milk. Beef was ingested by more adults than chicken, fish or pork. More adults ingested sodas than fruit juices and fruits were eaten by a relatively high percentage of adults (63.3%). The combination of white rice, black beans, beef and French bread was responsible for at least 25% of energy, protein and carbohydrate and 17% of lipids. A total of 65 food items accounted for approximately 90% of energy and macronutrients. The list generated is somewhat similar to the one used in a similar survey conducted in São Paulo. The list can serve as the basis for a single food frequency questionnaire to be used for the southeastern Brazilian urban population.

Energy intake underreporting of adults in a household survey: the impact of using a population specific basal metabolic rate equation / Subestimativa da ingestão energética em amostra probabilística de adultos: o impacto do uso de equações específicas para taxa metabólica basal / Subestimación de la ingesta energética en una muestra probabilística de adultos: el impacto del uso de ecuaciones específicas para la tasa metabólica basal

The purpose of the present study was to identify energy intake (EI) underreporting and to estimate the impact of using a population specific equation for the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in a probability sample of adults from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A sample of 1,726 subjects participated in the study. EI was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall and EI/BMR was computed with BMR estimated using internationally recommended equations as well as specific equations developed for the adult population of Niterói. Mean EI was 1,570.9 and 2,188.8kcal.day-1 for women and men, respectively. EI decreased with increasing age in both men and women. BMR estimated by the Brazilian equation was significantly lower than the values estimated by the international equation for all age, sex and nutritional status groups. In general, EI underreporting was found in at least 50% of the population, higher in women, and increased with increasing age and body mass index (BMI). The results of the present study confirm that EI is underreported, even when BMR is estimated using population-specific equations.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a subestimativa da ingestão energética (IE) e estimar o impacto do uso de uma equação específica da população para a taxa metabólica basal (TMB), em amostra probabilística de adultos do Município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Uma amostra de 1.726 indivíduos da população adulta participou do estudo. Ingestão energética foi avaliada por um recordatório de 24 horas e IE/TMB foi calculada com TMB estimada pelas equações recomendadas e pelas equações específicas para a população. A média da IE foi 1.570,9 e 2.188,8kcal.dia-1 em mulheres e homens, respectivamente. A ingestão energética diminuiu com o aumento da idade em homens e mulheres. A taxa metabólica basal estimada pela equação brasileira foi significativamente menor do que os valores estimados pela equação recomendada para todas as idades, sexo e estado nutricional. Em geral, a subestimativa da IE foi encontrada em pelo menos 50% da população, maior em mulheres, e aumentou com o avanço da idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Os resultados confirmam que IE é subestimada, mesmo quando a TMB é estimada pelas equações da população específica.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la subestimación de la ingesta energética (IE) y estimar el impacto del uso de una ecuación específica de la población para la tasa metabólica basal (TMB), en una muestra probabilística de adultos del municipio de Niterói, Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Una muestra de 1.726 individuos de la población adulta participó en el estudio. La ingesta energética fue evaluada mediante un recordatorio de 24 horas y las IE/TMB fueron calculadas con una TMB estimada por las ecuaciones recomendadas y por las ecuaciones específicas para la población. La media de la IE fue 1.570,9 y 2.188,8kcal.día-1 en mujeres y hombres, respectivamente. La ingesta energética disminuyó con el aumento de la edad en hombres y mujeres. La tasa metabólica basal estimada por la ecuación brasileña fue significativamente menor que los valores estimados por la ecuación recomendada para todas las edades, sexo y estado nutricional. En general, la subestimación de la IE se encontró en por lo menos un 50% de la población, fue mayor en mujeres y aumentó con el aumento de la edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Los resultados confirman que la IE está subestimada, incluso cuando la TMB está estimada por las ecuaciones de población específica.

[Reproducibility, relative validity, and calibration of a food-frequency questionnaire for adults in Greater Metropolitan Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Reprodutibilidade, validade relativa e calibração de um questionário de frequência alimentar para adultos da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This study tested the relative validity and estimated calibration factors of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 120 food items in 128 adults. We applied one FFQ and three 24h recalls. Validity was tested by the Bland-Altman method, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), classification in quartile categorization, and weighted kappa. Calibration factors were estimated by linear regression, with 24h recall of food intake as the dependent variable and the FFQ values as the independent variable. FFQ underestimated the nutrient intake when compared to 24h recall. The energy-adjusted and de-attenuated ICC ranged from 0.19 (zinc) to 0.82 (calcium). 37% of subjects were classified in the same quartile, with mean kappa of 0.28 (zinc: 0.08; calcium: 0.49). The highest calibration factors were 0.48 (calcium), 0.47 (potassium), and 0.44 (carbohydrates), and the lowest was 0.10 (retinol). FFQ showed satisfactory relative validity and calibrated energy and nutrient intake values similar to 24h recall.

Reprodutibilidade, validade relativa e calibração de um questionário de frequência alimentar para adultos da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Reproducibility, relative validity, and calibration of a food-frequency questionnaire for adults in Greater Metropolitan Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Reproducibilidad, validez relativa y calibración de un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria para adultos de la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Este estudo testou reprodutibilidade e validade relativa, e estimou fatores de calibração de um QFA (questionário de frequência alimentar) com 120 itens alimentares, em 128 adultos. Aplicou-se um QFA e três inquéritos recordatórios de 24hs (IR24h). A validade foi testada pelo método de Bland-Altman, correlação intraclasse (CCI), classificação em quartos de ingestão e kappa ponderado. Os fatores de calibração foram estimados por meio de regressão linear, com os valores de ingestão alimentar do IR24h como variável dependente e os valores do QFA como variável independente. O QFA subestimou a ingestão da maioria dos nutrientes em relação ao IR24h. O CCI corrigido para energia e deatenuado variou de 0,19 (zinco) a 0,82 (cálcio). Trinta e sete por cento dos indivíduos foram classificados no mesmo quarto, com valor médio de kappa de 0,28 (zinco: 0,08; cálcio: 0,49). Os maiores fatores de calibração foram 0,48 (cálcio), 0,47 (potássio) e 0,44 (carboidratos), e o menor fator foi 0,10 (retinol). Esse QFA demonstrou validade relativa satisfatória e valores de ingestão de energia e nutrientes calibrados semelhantes ao IR24h.

This study tested the relative validity and estimated calibration factors of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 120 food items in 128 adults. We applied one FFQ and three 24h recalls. Validity was tested by the Bland-Altman method, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), classification in quartile categorization, and weighted kappa. Calibration factors were estimated by linear regression, with 24h recall of food intake as the dependent variable and the FFQ values as the independent variable. FFQ underestimated the nutrient intake when compared to 24h recall. The energy-adjusted and de-attenuated ICC ranged from 0.19 (zinc) to 0.82 (calcium). 37% of subjects were classified in the same quartile, with mean kappa of 0.28 (zinc: 0.08; calcium: 0.49). The highest calibration factors were 0.48 (calcium), 0.47 (potassium), and 0.44 (carbohydrates), and the lowest was 0.10 (retinol). FFQ showed satisfactory relative validity and calibrated energy and nutrient intake values similar to 24h recall.

Se evaluó la validez relativa y se obtuvieron los factores de calibración de un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (CFA) con 120 alimentos en 128 adultos. Se aplicó un CFA y tres recuerdos de 24 horas (R24h). La validez se evaluó mediante el método de Bland-Altman, correlación intraclase (CCI), clasificación en cuartil de ingesta, y kappa ponderado. Los factores de calibración se estimaron por regresión lineal, con los valores del R24h como la variable dependiente y los valores de los CFA como la variable independiente. El CFA subestimó la ingesta de nutrientes en relación con R24h. El CCI corregido para la energía y desatenuado osciló entre 0,19 (zinc) y 0,82 (calcio). Un 37% de los sujetos fueron clasificados en el mismo cuartil de ingesta, con un valor promedio de kappa de 0,28 (zinc: 0,08; calcio: 0,49). Los mayores factores de calibración fueron 0,48 (calcio), 0,47 (potasio) y 0,44 (carbohidrato), y el factor más bajo fue de 0,10 (retinol). Este CFA demostró validez satisfactoria y los valores relativos de la ingesta de energía y nutrientes similares al R24h calibrado.

BMR in a Brazilian adult probability sample: the Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To measure BMR in a probability sample of adults from an urban city of Brazil and to compare indirectly measured BMR (BMRi) with BMR predicted from different equations. DESIGN: BMR data were obtained by indirect calorimetry and estimated by different predictive equations (Schofield; Harris and Benedict; Henry and Rees). Anthropometric and body composition measures were also obtained. SETTING: The Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey (PNAFS), a household survey conducted in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Representative sample of 529 adults (aged ≥20 years; 339 females) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. RESULTS: Mean BMRi values were 5839.7 (se 73.9) kJ/d and 4758.1 (se 39.5) kJ/d for men and women, respectively. Predicted BMR by all equations was significantly higher (difference between means and 95% CI did not include zero) than BMRi in both men and women of all ages. Overall bias in BMR (predicted BMR minus BMRi) using the Schofield equations (overestimation of about 20%) was higher than when using the Henry and Rees equations (13% and 16% overestimation for males and females, respectively). The percentage of individuals whose BMR predicted by the Schofield equations fell within 10% of BMRi was very low (7.8% and 14.1% of males nd females, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Current available predictive equations of BMR are not adequate to estimate BMR in Brazilians living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Seasonal variation of food intake of adults from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The measurement of usual food intake (FI) is necessary to accurately establish the relationship between diet and disease. In most studies data are collected at one particular time of the year, which may influence the interpretation of the results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on FI in a sample of adults from Niterói, RJ, Brazil. A total of 102 healthy subjects (69 women) aged between 20 and 69 years were interviewed to obtain six 24-hour dietary recalls, three in summer and three in winter. In both seasons, the intake of energy (EI) and 23 nutrients was determined and the percent of subjects who met the recommendations for the nutrients were computed. The data of FI were deattenuated considering the within-person variability and adjusted for energy. The intake of energy and some nutrients were significantly different between men and women. EI did not differ between seasons, for both sexes, but the intake of macro and micronutrients was different. The results of this study suggest that the seasonality in the measurement of FI should be considered in order to improve the methods and instruments used in population dietary surveys.

Variacao sazonal na ingestao alimentar de adultos de Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro / Seasonal variation of food intake of adults from Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A aferição da ingestão alimentar (IA) usual é necessária para estabelecer, com acurácia, a relação entre a dieta e o aparecimento de doenças. Na maioria dos estudos, os dados de IA usual são coletados referentes ao período de um ano, sem considerar a estação do ano em que o estudo ocorre. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito da sazonalidade na IA de adultos de Niterói, RJ. Um total de 102 sujeitos (69 mulheres) saudáveis, com idade entre 20 e 69 anos, responderam a seis recordatórios dietéticos de 24 horas, três no verão e três no inverno. Em ambas as estações do ano, foi determinada a ingestão energética (IE) e de 23 nutrientes, além do percentual de indivíduos que alcançavam as recomendações dos mesmos. Os dados finais foram deatenuados pela variabilidade intraindividual e ajustados pela energia. A IE e de alguns nutrientes foram significativamente diferentes entre os homens e as mulheres. A IE não se diferenciou entre as estações, para ambos os sexos, porém a ingestão de proteínas, fibras, magnésio, tiamina, piridoxina e niacina foi diferente entre as estações para ambos os sexos. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a sazonalidade seja considerada na aferição da IA, servindo de base para a adequação dos métodos e instrumentos utilizados nos inquéritos dietéticos populacionais.

The measurement of usual food intake (FI) is necessary to accurately establish the relationship between diet and disease. In most studies data are collected at one particular time of the year, which may influence the interpretation of the results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on FI in a sample of adults from Niterói, RJ, Brazil. A total of 102 healthy subjects (69 women) aged between 20 and 69 years were interviewed to obtain six 24-hour dietary recalls, three in summer and three in winter. In both seasons, the intake of energy (EI) and 23 nutrients was determined and the percent of subjects who met the recommendations for the nutrients were computed. The data of FI were deattenuated considering the within-person variability and adjusted for energy. The intake of energy and some nutrients were significantly different between men and women. EI did not differ between seasons, for both sexes, but the intake of macro and micronutrients was different. The results of this study suggest that the seasonality in the measurement of FI should be considered in order to improve the methods and instruments used in population dietary surveys.